# Ipamorelin References: The Studies Cited on This Site

> Ipamorelin references: the full citation list behind this research digest, with DOIs and PubMed links for every study summarized on the site.

## How these references are used

Every quantitative claim in this Ipamorelin digest maps to a numbered study below. The list spans the founding 1998 selectivity characterization, the human pharmacokinetic and Phase 2 trial data, the animal efficacy and safety studies, the analytical doping-control methods, and the most recent 2024-2026 literature. DOIs and PubMed (PMID) or ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers are given so each source can be located directly. This site summarizes these papers editorially; it is not affiliated with any of the authors, journals, or institutions cited.

## References

[1] Raun K, Hansen BS, Johansen NL, Thogersen H, Madsen K, Ankersen M, Andersen PH. Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998;139(5):552-561. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9849822/
[2] Gobburu JV, Agerso H, Jusko WJ, Ynddal L. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of ipamorelin, a growth hormone releasing peptide, in human volunteers. Pharm Res. 1999;16(9):1412-1416. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10496658/
[3] Beck DE, Sweeney WB, McCarter MD; Ipamorelin 201 Study Group. Prospective, randomized, controlled, proof-of-concept study of the ghrelin mimetic ipamorelin for the management of postoperative ileus in bowel resection patients (NCT00672074). Int J Colorectal Dis. 2014;29(12):1527-1534. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25331030/
[4] Johansen PB, Nowak J, Skjaerbaek C, Flyvbjerg A, Andreassen TT, Wilken M, Orskov H. Ipamorelin, a new growth-hormone-releasing peptide, induces longitudinal bone growth in rats. Growth Horm IGF Res. 1999;9(2):106-113. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10373343/
[5] Lu Z, Ngan MP, Liu JYH, Yang L, Tu L, Chan SW, Giuliano C, Lovati E, Pietra C, Rudd JA. The growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a agonists, anamorelin and ipamorelin, inhibit cisplatin-induced weight loss in ferrets: Anamorelin also exhibits anti-emetic effects via a central mechanism. Physiol Behav. 2024;284:114644. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39043357/
[6] Stokes AH, Falls JG, Yoon L, Cariello N, Faiola B, Colton HM, Jordan HL, Berridge BR. Integrated approach to early detection of cardiovascular toxicity induced by a ghrelin receptor agonist. Int J Toxicol. 2015;34(2):151-161. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25722321/
[7] Hansen BS, et al. Pharmacological characterisation of a new oral GH secretagogue, NN703. Eur J Endocrinol. 1999;141(2):180-189. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10427162/
[8] Ahnfelt-Rønne I, et al. Do growth hormone-releasing peptides act as ghrelin secretagogues? Endocrine. 2001;14(1):133-135. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11322495/
[9] Hansen TK, et al. Novel orally active growth hormone secretagogues. J Med Chem. 1998;41(19):3705-3714. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9733496/
[10] Thomas A, et al. Determination of prohibited, small peptides in urine for sports drug testing by means of nano-liquid chromatography/benchtop quadrupole orbitrap tandem-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 2012;1259:251-257. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22901302/
[11] Timms M, et al. A high-throughput LC-MS/MS screen for GHRP in equine and human urine, featuring peptide derivatization for improved chromatography. Drug Test Anal. 2014;6(10):985-995. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24574167/
[12] Thomas A, et al. Determination of growth hormone releasing peptides (GHRP) and their major metabolites in human urine for doping controls by means of liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2011;401(2):507-516. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21298258/
[13] Bowers CY, et al. Sustained elevation of pulsatile growth hormone (GH) secretion and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), and IGFBP-5 concentrations during 30-day continuous subcutaneous infusion of GH-releasing peptide-2 in older men and women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(5):2290-2300. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15126555/
[14] Villegas Meza AD, et al. Injectable Peptides in Sports Medicine: A Structured Narrative Review of Evidence, Safety, and Antidoping Implications. JBJS Rev. 2026;14. https://doi.org/10.2106/jbjs.rvw.26.00027
[15] Gouda M, et al. The influence of ghrelin agonist ipamorelin acetate on the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis in a cichlid fish, Oreochromis mossambicus. Anim Reprod Sci. 2024;267:107550. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38996787/
[16] Adeghate E, Ponery AS. Mechanism of ipamorelin-evoked insulin release from the pancreas of normal and diabetic rats. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2004;25(6):403-406. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15665799/
[17] Lall S, Tung LY, Ohlsson C, Jansson JO, Dickson SL. Growth hormone (GH)-independent stimulation of adiposity by GH secretagogues. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001;280(1):132-138. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11162489/
[18] Lawrence CB, Snape AC, Baudoin FM, Luckman SM. Acute central ghrelin and GH secretagogues induce feeding and activate brain appetite centers. Endocrinology. 2002;143(1):155-162. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11751604/

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A plain-English digest of the ipamorelin research — the GH-axis findings explained and cited, with no clinic, no pharmacy, and no prescription behind it.